1. Although a basic objective for common stock investors is to buy at a lower price than they sell, they should realize that at least some of the stocks that they purchase will probably need to be sold at a loss.  Failing to cut losses is one of the common mistakes investors make.  Another common mistake is taking profits too quickly.

   According to an article in The Wall Street Journal (7-24-91), too often, investors sell their winners and keep their losers.  The article then stated, “That’s the worst thing an investor can do.”  The article went on to advise, “Decide on some sensible ‘sell rules’. . . and stick with them.  Over time, investors who follow a disciplined selling strategy will be better off than those who try to decide emotionally on each stock case by case. . . .”

   We will discuss four strategies that can be helpful in deciding when to buy or sell stocks.

   1.  Fundamental reasons:  When the long-term business or economic outlook that led you to purchase a particular company’s stock is no longer valid, consider selling the stock.  On the other hand, if the deterioration in the prospects for the company is likely to be only temporary, it may be prudent to exercise patience and continue holding the stock. 

   2.  Formula methods: 

   a.      Dollar-cost averaging:  A constant dollar amount is invested at regular periodic intervals, such as every month or every three months, and is usually invested in the same stock or the same group of stocks each time.  Since the constant dollar amount of each purchase results in acquiring more shares at low prices than at high prices, investors can generally expect to acquire stocks at a favorable average price.

    The following example illustrates how dollar-cost averaging works:

    

   Time	Amt To	Cost Per	No. of Shares		Total
   Period	Invest	Share	Col1/Col2	Actual	Actual Cost

   1	$1,000	$40	25.00	25	$1,000
   2	1,000	42	23.81	23	966
   3	1,000	41	24.39	24	984
   4	1,000	44	22.73	22	968
   				94	$3,918

   The average cost per share is $41.68 ($3,918 divided by 94 shares).

   b.  Constant ratio:  This method is used to manage a portfolio that includes not only common stocks, but also other financial investments.  The basic concept is for common stocks to be kept close to a certain constant ratio percentage of the total dollar value of the investor’s portfolio.  Thus, if the stocks rise above that percentage by a predetermined percentage, some of the stocks would be sold to rebalance the total portfolio.  The opposite would be true if the stocks decline below the constant ratio percentage.

        The following example illustrates how the constant ratio works:

   	Original	Constant	Current		Constant Ratio
   	Investment	Ratio	Amt	Pct	Amount

   Stocks	$6,000	60	%	$8,150	67.9	%	$7,200
   Bonds	3,500	35		3,300	27.5		4,200
   Cash	500	5		500	4.6		600
   	$10,000	100	%	$12,000	100.0	%	$12,000

c.   Variable ratio:  Like the constant ratio, this method is used to manage a portfolio that includes not only common stocks, but also other financial investments.  Under this method, the percentage invested in common stocks is reduced when the prices of the stocks that are owned -- or of the stock market in general -- are believed to be high (i.e., overvalued).  Conversely, when stock prices are thought to be low (i.e., undervalued), the percentage invested in common stocks is increased.

In addition to having the same problems as the constant ratio, the variable ratio raises the problem of how to determine, on a timely basis, when stock prices should be regarded as high or low, since they can go to extremes in either direction for months or even years, as was evidenced during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. 

3.    Technical analysis:  The focus of this method is on recurring patterns of stock price movement or recurring inter-relationships between stock price movements and other market data.  Technical analysis may seem to be the equivalent of astrology or reading tea leaves, but there is logic as to why such analysis can provide useful information for investors.  In any case, skillful use of technical analysis is difficult.

4.    Stop orders: This method can be used for both purchases and sales of common stocks, although it is most often used for the latter.  The buyer (or seller) sets a price that will automatically trigger the purchase (or sale) of a stock.  Deciding on an appropriate stop-order price can be difficult.  (Many investors use technical analysis to help them determine the stop-order price.)  Once the stock reaches that price, it usually is bought (or sold) at the price of the next trade, with one or two exceptions.  If the stock market is rising or declining rapidly at the time the stop order is triggered, the actual purchase (or sale) price may be significantly higher (or lower) than the stop order price.